“The Etorus FE technology causes clustered fuel molecules to temporarily repel each other, resulting in a greater surface area that is exposed to oxygen at the point of combustion,” explains chemist Robert E. Yelin, Ph.D., an environmental and management consultant and Etorus advisory board member who helped develop the technology.   “Studies document how this technology causes some saturated aliphatics to release hydrogen gas and form unsaturated aromatics. The hydrogen gas that results from the formation of the unsaturated ‘ double bonds’ complements the increased oxygen at the point of combustion, providing an additional combustion source to the fuel, which further aids in providing a more complete and efficient fuel burn. ”  The turbulence caused by the Etorus FE internally enhances these reactions, Dr. Yelin adds.

Based on studies on the internal mechanisms and reactions that have been shown to occur within the Etorus FE – conducted by some of the leading research facilities in the United States and abroad, including the Southwest Research Institute, Olson-Ecologic Engine Testing Laboratories, Esso/Exxon Mobil Laboratories and the U.S. Military – Dr. Yelin further states that the following contributing factors make this technology work to reduce fuel consumption and emissions:

• Chemical Complex:  As the fuel passes over the active catalytic materials, a reaction takes place that produces a transient activated chemical complex, which leads to a modification of the fuel and a release of hydrogen gas.  Both the modification of the fuel and the presence of hydrogen lead to more efficient combustion.
  
  
• Hydrogen Release: The Etorus FE causes a change in the ratio of certain contents of the fuel to convert to aromatics, which results in the release of hydrogen gas.
  
  
• Fuel Density:   Fuel with more aromatics normally tends to have higher fuel density, which leads to less efficient combustion; however, the mechanisms taking place within the Etorus FE, including the turbulent flow, actually lead to a lower fuel vapor density.
  
  
• Large Surface Area:  The interior of the Etorus FE is configured to cause the fuel to flow through a circuitous path over a large surface area, which leads to a turbulent flow of the fuel through the system.  The fuel, in turn, develops a lower vapor density. This lower fuel density allows the oxygen and hydrogen to more efficiently surround the dispersed molecules, thereby enhancing combustion. 
   
• Additional Causes of Lower Fuel Vapor Density:  The Etorus FE also lowers the fuel vapor density as a result of small amounts of moisture that exist within diesel fuel, which facilitate a galvanic effect that occurs between the different metals in the device.  This galvanic effect produces an electromotive force (EMF), which causes polarization of the fuel droplets.  The polarized fuel droplets repulse each other, which again lowers the fuel vapor density.  Lower fuel vapor density provides for better exposure of the fuel molecules to the air, resulting in better combustion.  It also leads to better exposure of the released hydrogen, which further improves combustion.  Better combustion results in increased fuel economy and fewer residual emissions from greenhouse gases (GHG) and soot.
  
  
• Reduced Nitrogen Oxide (NOx):   Whereas better combustion usually requires higher temperatures that lead to more NOx generation, the Etorus FE actually lowers combustion temperatures, and thus decreases the formation of NOx.
  
  
• Soot Reduction:   Incomplete combustion allows soot to form.  The Etorus FE provides for a more complete reaction during combustion that reduces the formation of soot by changing its molecular structure and encouraging it to oxidize into carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂0), which releases more heat and breaks down the chemical components that form soot.

In summary, Dr. Yelin notes that the Etorus FE technology creates a more complete fuel burn and consequently more power using less fuel, reduces particulate matter emissions, decreases carbon and soot buildup in the engine it is installed on, and reduces greenhouse gas emissions.  As an example, he says, for every 100 gallons of diesel fuel not consumed as a result of better fuel burn, one metric ton of CO₂ greenhouse gas is not released into the atmosphere.